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    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a tank for storing a fluid under pressure such as compressed air. In particular, the reservoir is in the form of at least one tube formed of an arrangement of concentric layers (C1, C2, C3, C4), this arrangement comprising, going from the inside to the outside of the tube, an inner layer formed of concrete (C1), a layer (C2) formed of steel of thickness E, at least one layer (C3) formed by a winding of wires (C3 ") made of steel on a concrete sub-layer ( C3 '), and an outer layer (C4) for protecting said yarns against physical and / or chemical damage, and wherein the yarns are circumferentially tension preloaded, at least the thickness E and / or the prestressing being dimensioned so as to withstand said pressure, particularly for the storage and return of energy by compressed air.
    公开号:FR3055942A1
    申请号:FR1658503
    申请日:2016-09-13
    公开日:2018-03-16
    发明作者:Navid Saeedi
    申请人:IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    055 942
    58503 ® FRENCH REPUBLIC
    NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY © Publication number:
    (to be used only for reproduction orders)
    ©) National registration number
    COURBEVOIE © IntCI 8 : F17 C 1/06 (2017.01)
    PATENT INVENTION APPLICATION
    A1
    ©) Date of filing: 13.09.16. © Applicant (s): IFP ENERGIES NOUVELLES Etablis- (© Priority: public education - FR. @ Inventor (s): SAEEDI NAVID. ©) Date of public availability of the request: 16.03.18 Bulletin 18/11. ©) List of documents cited in the report preliminary research: Refer to end of present booklet (© References to other national documents ® Holder (s): IFP ENERGIES NOUVELLES Etablisse- related: public. ©) Extension request (s): © Agent (s): IFP ENERGIES NOUVELLES.
    SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STORING AND RETURNING ENERGY BY COMPRESSED GAS, COMPRISING A MIXED LAYER OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE.
    FR 3 055 942 - A1
    The invention relates to a reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid such as compressed air. In particular, the reservoir is in the form of at least one tube formed by an arrangement of concentric layers (C 1, C2, C3, C4), this arrangement comprising, going from the inside towards the outside of the tube , an inner layer formed of concrete (C1), a layer (C2) formed of steel of thickness E, at least one layer (C3) formed by a winding of wires (C3 j of steel on a concrete underlay ( C3j, and an outer layer (C4) intended for the protection of said wires against physical and / or chemical damage, and in which the wires are subjected to a prestress in circumferential tension, at least the thickness E and / or the prestress being dimensioned so as to resist said pressure.
    Application in particular to the storage and return of energy by compressed air.
    C.3

    The field of the present invention relates generally to the storage of a pressurized fluid, such as compressed air. In particular, the present invention relates to the field of storage and release of energy by compressed gas such as air.
    A compressed air energy storage system (also called CAES, from the English "Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage") aims to store energy in the form of compressed air, for later use. For storage, energy, especially electrical energy, drives air compressors, and for destocking, compressed air drives turbines, which can be connected to an electric generator.
    There are different variants of compressed air energy storage systems, the main objective of which is to improve the efficiency of such systems. Mention may in particular be made of the systems and processes:
    • ACAES (from the English "Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage") in which air is stored at the temperature due to compression.
    • AACAES (from the English "Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage") in which air is stored at room temperature, and the heat due to compression is also stored, separately, in a TES heat storage system (from the English "Thermal Energy Storage"). In this case, the heat stored in the TES is used to heat the air before it expands.
    In all cases, whether the air is stored at room temperature or at any other temperature, such a compressed air energy storage system requires a compressed air storage tank which is at least both resistant to storage pressure and gas tight. Pressure resistance is in particular an important issue since the storage pressures of the compressed air are at least equal to 100 bars.
    The storage of compressed gas in all-steel tanks is conventional. Indeed, steel has properties of both sealing and resistance to pressure. However, if the sealing is ensured from fairly small thicknesses of steel (a few mm), it is necessary to use greater thicknesses of steel when it is desired to store a fluid under high pressure (it that is to say a pressure greater than 100 bars, and preferably of the order of 125 bars). For example, a cylindrical tank with a diameter of 56 ”(1422.4 mm) must have a minimum thickness of 33.5 mm to withstand an internal pressure of 125 bars (calculation according to the CODAP standard for a grade of steel X80 ).
    If an all-steel tank is a technically and economically advantageous solution for small volumes of gas to be stored at high pressure, an all-steel tank becomes unthinkable in the event of large volumes of gas to be stored at high pressure. Indeed, due to the cost of steel, the economic profitability of the system is compromised, but also the design of such a tank creates manufacturing constraints that are difficult to meet. Indeed, the larger the diameter of a spherical or cylindrical storage tank, the greater the thickness necessary to hold the pressure. For large storage volumes, the manufacture and especially the welding of an element having a very large thickness is not always possible. In this case, the storage of a large volume is done by assembling several elements of smaller dimensions, connected together. Having smaller dimensions, these elements are technically manufacturable and thus the manufacturing constraints are overcome. On the other hand, the economic profitability of the system can be questioned because of the quantity of steel required and the assembly costs.
    To overcome these drawbacks, the present invention relates to a tank for storing a pressurized fluid such as compressed air designed in the form of a tube formed by alternating concrete-steel layers with prestressing wires. Firstly, storing in tubes avoids the manufacturing problems explained above. Secondly, the mixed design of steel, concrete and prestressing wires makes better use of the mechanical capacity of each material and therefore reduces the cost of the system.
    The storage tank according to the invention comprises, going from the inside to the outside of the tank, a first arrangement formed by a solid steel layer between two concrete layers, this arrangement being followed by at least one winding steel wires subjected to a circumferential prestress in the system, intended to compensate for part of the radial pressure exerted by the stored fluid. A final protective layer, which can be made of concrete, protects the tank and in particular the coiled steel wires. The winding of steel wire under tension allows to reduce the stresses in service, and consequently the thickness of steel necessary for the solid steel layer. The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing such a tank for the storage of a pressurized fluid.
    In addition, the invention relates to a system and a method of storage and return by compressed gas using a reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid according to the invention.
    The device and method according to the invention
    In general, the subject of the invention relates to a reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid such as compressed air. In particular, said tank is in the form of at least one tube formed by an arrangement of concentric layers, said arrangement comprising, going from the inside to the outside of said tube, an internal layer formed of concrete, a layer formed of steel of thickness E, at least one layer formed by a winding of steel wires on a concrete underlay, and an outer layer intended for the protection of said wires against physical and / or chemical damage, and in which said wires are subjected to a prestress in circumferential tension, at least said thickness E and / or said prestress being dimensioned so as to resist said pressure.
    According to an embodiment of the invention, the diameter and the spacing of said steel wires in an axial direction of said tube can be a function of said prestress.
    Advantageously, said tube can comprise a plurality of layers formed by said winding of steel wires on said concrete underlay, and in which said prestresses in said windings can be determined according to the radial distance of said layers from said plurality of layers.
    According to an embodiment of the invention, said outer layer can be made of concrete or mortar.
    Preferably, said layer formed from steel can correspond to a steel tube of API X80 grade.
    According to one embodiment of the invention, said tank can be formed from a plurality of said tubes, said tubes not being connected to each other.
    Advantageously, said reservoir can be formed from a plurality of said tubes, said tubes being connected together by welding or by an elastomer seal.
    The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid as described above, characterized in that, from a solid steel tube of thickness E and a coil of steel wires, at least the following steps are carried out:
    an internal layer of concrete is formed inside said steel tube;
    - a concrete underlay is formed on the outside of said steel tube, said steel wires are helically wound from said coil by subjecting them to prestress in circumferential tension;
    - An outer layer is formed intended to protect said steel wires against physical and / or chemical damage, at least said thickness E and / or said prestressing being a function of said pressure.
    According to an implementation of the manufacturing method according to the invention, steps b) and c) can be repeated so as to form a plurality of layers formed by said winding of steel wires on a concrete underlay.
    According to one embodiment of the manufacturing method according to the invention, at least said internal concrete layer and said concrete underlay can be formed by centrifugation, or by molding and vibration.
    The invention also relates to a system for storing and returning energy by compressed gas comprising at least one gas compression means, at least one tank for storing a pressurized fluid as described above, at least means for expanding said compressed gas to generate energy, and at least one means for storing heat.
    The invention also relates to a method of storing and returning energy by compressed gas, in which the following steps are carried out:
    - a gas is compressed;
    - Cooling said compressed gas by heat exchange in a heat storage means;
    - Storing said cooled gas in a tank for the storage of a pressurized fluid as described above;
    - Heating said compressed compressed gas by restitution of heat in said heat storage means; and
    - Expanding said heated compressed gas to generate energy.
    Other characteristics and advantages of the method according to the invention will appear on reading the description below of nonlimiting examples of embodiments, with reference to the appended figures and described below.
    Brief presentation of the figures
    - Figures 1a and 1b show vertical sections, in isometric three-dimensional view for Figure 1a and a front view angle for Figure 1b, formed through an embodiment of the tank according to the invention comprising a single layer mixed of prestressed concrete.
    - Figures 2a and 2b show vertical sections, in isometric three-dimensional view for Figure 2a and a front view angle for Figure 2b, formed through an embodiment of the tank according to the invention comprising two mixed layers steel-concrete under prestressing.
    - Figure 3 shows an embodiment of a storage and return system by compressed gas according to the invention using a reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid according to the invention.
    Detailed description of the invention
    The present invention relates to a storage tank for a pressurized fluid such as compressed air. Such a tank can in particular be implemented in a system for storing and returning energy by compressed gas. Generally speaking, the "working pressure" is the pressure at which it is intended to store the fluid. Typically, in an application for storage and return of energy by compressed gas, this operating pressure is greater than 100 bars, and generally of the order of 125 bars.
    The pressure fluid storage tank according to the invention is in the form of at least one tube formed by an arrangement of concentric layers. According to the invention, the tube can be of cylindrical shape of circular section or of polygonal section, such as octagonal.
    According to the invention, the concentric layers of the tube forming the storage tank for a pressurized fluid are ordered, going from the inside to the outside of said tube, as follows:
    an inner layer formed of concrete;
    - a layer formed of thickness E steel;
    at least one layer formed by a winding of steel wires on a concrete underlay, the steel wires being subjected to prestress in circumferential tension;
    - an outer layer intended to protect the steel wires against chemical and / or physical damage.
    According to the invention, the layer of steel of thickness E has a multiple role: ensuring the tightness of the tank according to the invention, contributing to the mechanical resistance of the assembly to the working pressure (at least greater than 100 bars , and preferably around 125 bars) but also increase the ductility of the assembly. According to an implementation of the invention, the steel layer of the tank according to the invention corresponds to a pipe intended for the long-distance transport of hydrocarbons, also called oil pipeline. Indeed, oil pipelines are characterized by an excellent seal (numerous controls by ultrasonic, x-ray and / or hydraulic processes), significant steel thicknesses (up to a few centimeters), as well as relatively large diameters ( up to 60 inches). According to an implementation of the invention, a steel tube is used, an API X80 grade steel tube.
    According to the invention, the layer formed by a winding of steel wires subjected to a circumferential prestressing on a concrete underlayment, called subsequently "mixed layer of prestressed concrete", has the role of reducing the circumferential stress supported by the steel layer when the tank according to the invention is put into service. The application of a prestress in circumferential traction therefore makes it possible to size a tank for the storage of a pressurized fluid with a smaller thickness E of steel than if no prestress was applied. In addition, this prestressing subjects the layer (s) of concrete in compression which will contribute to the resistance of the assembly during the service phase. Consequently, the tank according to the invention is more economical than an all-steel tank, and may be more technically feasible. According to an embodiment of the invention, the prestress in circumferential traction is obtained by a winding under tension of steel wires on the concrete underlay.
    According to the invention, the internal layer formed of concrete has the role of protecting on the one hand the internal face of the layer formed of steel against physical and / or chemical damage (corrosion in particular), preventing collapse (or "collapse >> in English) of this same layer (due to the prestresses applied to steel wires) and, in general, withstand the stress induced by the pressurized fluid.
    According to the invention, the concrete underlay allows the steel formed layer to be separated from the steel wires themselves. This prestressed underlay also plays a role in the mechanical strength of the entire tank.
    According to the invention, the outer layer aims to preserve the chemical attack (corrosion type) and / or physical of the steel wires of the tank according to the invention. Therefore, this outer layer can be concrete, or mortar or any other protective material against chemical and / or physical attack.
    According to the invention, at least the circumferential tensile prestress applied to the steel wires, or at least the thickness E of the layer formed from steel, or at least both the circumferential tensile prestress applied to the steel wires and the thickness E of the layer formed of steel are predetermined as a function of at least the operating pressure. In general, the dimensioning of the tank according to the invention is carried out in such a way that harmful phenomena such as rupture, plastic deformation in steel, macro-cracking in concrete etc., are avoided when the tank according to the invention is put into use. Advantageously, the thicknesses of the concrete sub-layer and of the internal concrete layer are additionally dimensioned so as to resist the compression exerted by the prestressing wires and so as to participate in the overall resistance to the pressure of service. The specialist is fully aware of the means for carrying out such sizing, such as for example using the Abaqus software (Dassault Systems, France).
    According to the invention, the sizing of the tank according to the invention can be carried out as follows:
    - or the prestress in circumferential tension is predetermined: this can for example occur if one uses, to manufacture the tank according to the invention, predefined steel wires, having predetermined mechanical strength properties. In this case, the circumferential prestressing is at most equal to the maximum tension tolerable by the steel wires considered, weighted by a safety coefficient between 0 and 1, preferably 0.75. In this case, the dimensioning of the tank according to the invention consists in at least determining the thickness E of the steel layer making it possible to satisfy the condition of mechanical resistance to the working pressure, the prestress in circumferential tension being at least moreover fixed. To do this, according to one embodiment of the invention, the dimensioning of the steel layer at least is carried out so that the tensile stress in the steel layer in service phase is the closest possible of the authorized limit for the steel used, without exceeding this limit. The authorized limit is a function of the elastic limit and / or the breaking limit of the grade of steel used, weighted by safety coefficients between 0 and 1 (preferably 0.67 for the elastic limit). Preferably, the dimensioning of the steel layer also takes into account the fact that the compression stress produced in the solid steel layer during the application of the prestressing is as high as possible, in order to be able to make maximum use of the capacity of the steel in traction during service. It is obvious that this prestressing cannot, however, exceed the constraint authorized for the grade of steel. Advantageously, the thicknesses of the concrete sub-layer and of the internal concrete layer are additionally dimensioned so as to resist the compression exerted by the prestressing wires and so as to participate in the overall resistance to the pressure of service. The specialist is fully aware of the means for carrying out such sizing, such as for example using the Abaqus software (Dassault Systems, France).
    - or the thickness E of the steel layer is already predetermined: this can for example occur because a pre-existing steel conduit of thickness E is used to manufacture the tank according to the invention. In this case, the dimensioning of the reservoir according to the invention consists in determining the prestress in circumferential tension making it possible to satisfy the condition of mechanical resistance to the working pressure, for this thickness E of steel layer. According to one embodiment of the invention, this dimensioning also takes into account the effects of the application of prestressing in the concrete layers, so that this prestressing is less than the maximum compressive strength bearable by the concrete, weighted by a safety coefficient between 0 and 1, preferably 0.75. In addition, the concrete thickness must be sufficient to withstand compression during the service phase. In the case where this thickness is relatively large, apart from the circumferential stress, the radial and axial stresses can be significant. In this case and especially if we allow traction in concrete, 3D non-linear behavior models must be used for analysis and dimensioning. The specialist is fully aware of the means for carrying out such sizing, such as for example using the Abaqus software (Dassault Systems, France).
    - or at least both the thickness E of the steel layer and the circumferential tensile prestressing to be applied to the steel wires are dimensioned: in this case, there are a plurality of pairs (thickness of steel E, prestressing in circumferential traction) making it possible to satisfy the condition of mechanical resistance to the operating pressure of the tank according to the invention. In order to choose a given couple from the plurality of possible couples, one can add a selection criterion based on the overall cost of the tank and / or a criterion based on technical feasibility etc. According to one embodiment of the invention, the tank is dimensioned so as to make the most of the tensile strength of the steel wires, so as to minimize the thickness E of the layer in solid steel. In order to generate a prestress in compression making it possible to size a tank having a solid steel layer of thickness E satisfying economic and technical constraints, the tank according to the invention comprises several mixed layers of prestressed concrete. According to an alternative that can be combined with the previous mode, the tank according to the invention comprises a winding of steel wires whose diameter and spacing between them in the longitudinal direction (no winding) allow the required preload to be reached .
    It is quite obvious that according to this mode of implementation, the thicknesses of the concrete undercoat and of the internal concrete layer are also dimensioned so as to resist the compression exerted by the prestressing wires. The specialist is fully aware of the means for carrying out such sizing, such as for example using the Abaqus software (Dassault Systems, France).
    Figures 1a and 1b show sectional views of a non-limiting example of a pressurized fluid storage tank according to the invention meeting the characteristics described above. Thus, this embodiment of the invention is formed by 4 concentric layers C1, C2, C3, and C4, the layer C2 corresponding to the steel layer, the latter being framed by an internal concrete layer C1, surmounted by a mixed layer C3 formed of a concrete underlay C3 'and of steel wires C3 ”wound around this concrete underlay C3', the steel wires being surmounted by an external protective layer C4. Thus, this exemplary embodiment comprises a single mixed layer of prestressed concrete.
    According to an implementation of the invention, the pressure fluid storage tank comprises a plurality of mixed layers of prestressed concrete, the outermost of these mixed layers being, according to the invention, followed by an external protective layer against physical and / or chemical damage. This plurality of mixed layers of prestressed concrete makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the steel layer while guaranteeing the mechanical resistance of the assembly to the working pressure. The number of mixed layers of prestressed concrete can be determined by sizing according to geometrical and mechanical data (diameter of the steel wires, no winding, prestressing applied, thickness of the concrete underlay, etc.). Those skilled in the art are fully aware of the means of achieving such a dimensioning, such as for example with the Abaqus software (Dassault Systèmes, France).
    A nonlimiting example of implementation of a tank according to the invention comprising two mixed layers of prestressed concrete C3 is presented in Figures 2a and 2b. Thus, it can be observed in these Figures that the winding of steel wire C3 ”most internal to the tank is incorporated between two concrete sub-layers C3 ', the winding C3” of steel wire most external to the tank being followed by an outer layer C4 for protection against physical and / or chemical damage.
    According to an alternative embodiment of the invention in which the pressurized fluid storage tank comprises a plurality of mixed layers of prestressed concrete, each of the layers of this plurality of layers having its own prestress. Advantageously, the prestress applied to a given layer is determined as a function of the radial distance from this layer.
    According to an implementation of the invention, the reservoir according to the invention is formed of a plurality of tubes, this plurality of tubes possibly being particularly necessary when the volumes of pressurized fluid to be stored are large and only one tube is insufficient to store such a volume. The tubes of the plurality of tubes forming the reservoir according to the invention may or may not be connected to each other by a coupling means. The connection means may for example be a welding or an elastomeric seal, the latter being able to be sliding, sliding, rolling, etc.
    The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid. The manufacturing method according to the invention requires having at least one steel tube of thickness E and a coil of steel wires. The method according to the invention comprises at least the following steps:
    a) a concrete layer is formed inside the steel tube;
    b) a concrete underlay is formed on the outside of this steel tube;
    a) the steel wires of the coil are wound helically by subjecting them to prestress in circumferential tension;
    b) an outer layer is formed intended to protect the steel wires against physical and / or chemical damage,
    Furthermore, according to the invention, the method may include a prior step of dimensioning the thickness E and / or the prestress as a function of at least the operating pressure.
    According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, steps b) and c) of the method according to the invention described above are repeated so as to constitute a plurality of layers formed by a winding of steel wires on a sublayer in concrete, also say mixed layers of prestressed concrete. This variant of the process is necessary when a single mixed layer of prestressed concrete cannot provide the level of prestress determined by the dimensioning. This can make it possible to contribute to manufacturing a tank according to the invention, the steel layer of which has a thickness E realistic, economically and technically, while guaranteeing the mechanical integrity of the tank as a whole. The number of mixed-steel-concrete layers under prestressing can be predetermined by dimensioning, for example with the Abaqus software (Dassault Systèmes, France).
    According to an embodiment of the invention, at least the internal concrete layer, and the concrete sub-layer or sub-layers of the mixed layer or layers of prestressed concrete are formed by centrifugation, or else by molding and vibration.
    The invention also relates to a system for storing and returning energy by compressed gas comprising at least one gas compression means, at least one reservoir for storing a pressurized fluid as described above, at least one heat storage means, and at least one means for expanding the compressed gas to generate energy.
    Thus, the reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid of the energy storage and restitution system by compressed gas according to the invention comprises at least one tube formed by an arrangement of concentric layers, the concentric layers being ordered, going from the inside to the outside of the tube, as follows:
    an inner layer formed of concrete;
    - a layer formed of thickness E steel;
    at least one layer formed by a winding of steel wires on a concrete underlay, the steel wires being subjected to prestress in circumferential tension;
    - an outer layer intended to protect the steel wires against chemical and / or physical damage.
    In addition, at least the circumferential tensile prestress applied to the steel wires, or at least the thickness E of the layer formed of steel, or at least both the circumferential tensile prestress applied to the steel wires and l 'thickness E of the layer formed of steel are predetermined as a function of at least the operating pressure.
    Thus, the energy storage and return system by compressed gas includes a reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid making it possible to reduce, compared to an all-steel reservoir, the quantities of steel required as well as the stresses techniques to be met. The compressed gas storage and return system according to the invention is thus economically and technically viable.
    Preferably, the compressed gas of the energy storage and return system by compressed gas is air. The gas compression means (or compressor) can be driven by a motor, in particular an electric motor. The gas expansion means (also called a regulator or turbine) makes it possible to relax the compressed and stored gas, and therefore to generate energy, in particular electrical energy by means of a generator. The heat storage means, allowing the storage of the heat from the compressed gas during the energy storage phase, and allowing the return of the heat stored in the compressed gas during the energy release phase, are preferably placed at the outlet of the compression means and at the inlet of the expansion means. According to an embodiment of the invention, the heat storage means comprises solid heat storage particles. These solid particles exchange heat with the gas during the energy storage and return phases, this heat being stored in the particles between these two phases.
    According to an embodiment of the invention, the system according to the invention comprises a plurality of compression means (respectively of expansion) mounted successively one after the other in series (this is called stepped compression means): the compressed gas (respectively expanded) at the outlet of the first compression means (respectively expansion) then passes into a second compression means (respectively expansion) and so on.
    According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compression means, whether stepped or not, can be reversible, that is to say that they can operate both for compression and for expansion. Thus, it is possible to limit the number of devices used in the system according to the invention, which allows a gain in weight and volume of the system according to the invention.
    The tank for storing a pressurized fluid used in the compressed gas energy storage and return system according to the invention can be above or below ground. In addition, it can be formed, as described above, in a single volume, in the form of a tube formed of concentric layers, or in a plurality of such tubes connected together or not.
    The system according to the invention is suitable for any type of gas, in particular air. In this case, the inlet air used for compression can be taken from the ambient air, and the outlet air after expansion can be released into the ambient air.
    The heat storage means make it possible, during storage of the compressed gas (compression), to recover a maximum of heat from the compression of the gas leaving the compressors, and to decrease the temperature of the gas before switching to the next compression or before storing the compressed gas. For example, the compressed gas can go from a temperature above 150 ° C (e.g. joar about 190 ° C) to a temperature below 80 ° C (e.g. about 50 ° C). The heat storage means make it possible, during the restitution of energy, to restore a maximum of stored heat by increasing the temperature of the gas before switching to the next expansion. For example, the gas can pass from a temperature lower than 80 ° C (for example approximately 50 ° C), to a temperature higher than 150 ° C (for example approximately 180 ° C).
    FIG. 3 illustrates a non-limiting example of a system for storing and restoring energy by compressed gas according to the invention, comprising a means for compressing the gas 1, a means for storing heat 2, a storage tank for a pressurized fluid 3 according to the invention and a gas expansion means 4. In this Figure, the arrows in solid lines illustrate the flow of gas during the compression stages (energy storage), and the arrows in dotted lines illustrate gas circulation during the expansion stages (energy restitution). The heat storage system 2 is interposed between the compression / expansion means 1 or 4 and the tank 3 according to the invention. Conventionally, in the energy storage phase (compression), the air is first compressed in the compressor 1, then cooled in the heat storage system 2. The compressed and cooled gas is stored in the tank 3 according to the invention. The heat storage system 2 stores heat during the cooling of the compressed gas in the compression phase. During energy recovery (expansion), the compressed gas stored in the tank 3 according to the invention is heated in the heat storage system 2. Then, conventionally, the gas passes through a means of relaxation 4.
    The system for storing and restoring energy by compressed gas according to the invention is not limited to the example in FIG. 3. Other configurations can be envisaged: several stages of compression and / or expansion, l use of reversible means ensuring compression and expansion, etc.
    The present invention also relates to a method of storage and return by compressed gas, in which the following steps are carried out:
    a) a gas is compressed, in particular by means of a compressor;
    b) the compressed gas is cooled by heat exchange, in particular in a heat storage means;
    c) the cooled compressed gas is stored, in particular by a tank for the storage of a pressurized fluid according to the invention;
    d) the stored compressed gas is heated, by heat exchange, in the heat storage means; and
    e) the heated compressed gas is expanded to generate energy, for example by means of a turbine to generate electrical energy.
    Thus, the reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid of the compressed gas storage and restitution process according to the invention comprises at least one tube formed by an arrangement of concentric layers, the concentric layers being ordered, going from inside to outside of the tube, as follows:
    an inner layer formed of concrete;
    - a layer formed of thickness E steel;
    at least one layer formed by a winding of steel wires on a concrete underlay, the steel wires being subjected to prestress in circumferential tension;
    - an outer layer intended to protect the steel wires against chemical and / or physical damage.
    In addition, at least the circumferential tensile prestress applied to the steel wires, or else the thickness E of the layer formed of steel, or else both the circumferential tensile prestress applied to the steel wires and the thickness E of the layer formed of steel are predetermined as a function of at least the operating pressure. Thus, the compressed gas storage and return method according to the invention is implemented by means of a reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid making it possible to reduce, compared to an all-steel reservoir, the quantities steel requirements as well as the technical constraints to be met. The compressed gas storage and return process according to the invention is thus economically and technically viable.
    According to one aspect of the invention, the process of storage and restitution by compressed gas comprises several successive compression stages, by means of compressors placed in series, also called staged compressions. In this case, steps a) and b) are repeated for each compression stage. Thus, the gas is compressed and cooled several times.
    According to a characteristic of the invention, the method of storage and return by compressed gas comprises several successive expansion stages, by expansion means placed in series, also called stepped detents. In this case, steps d) and e) are repeated for each expansion stage. Thus, the gas is heated and expanded several times.
    Step a) concerns the compression of a gas, for example air. This can include air taken from the ambient environment.
    Step b) cools the compressed gas after each compression step, which optimizes the efficiency of the next compression and / or energy storage. The heat storage means make it possible, during storage of the compressed gas (compression), to recover a maximum of heat from the compression of the gas leaving the compressors and to reduce the temperature of the gas before switching to the next compression or before storage. For example, the compressed gas can go from a temperature above 150 ° C, for example about 190 ° C to a temperature below 80 ° C, for example about 50 ° C.
    Step c) is carried out by means of a reservoir according to the invention as described above, which can be placed on the surface or underground. In addition, it can be formed of a single volume or of a plurality of volumes connected together or not. During storage, the tank is closed according to the invention.
    Compressed gas is stored until you want to recover the stored energy. Stage d) and the following are carried out when it is desired to recover the stored energy.
    Step d) heats the compressed air before each expansion, which optimizes the performance of the next expansion. For step d), one can use the heat storage particles which were used to cool during step b). The heat storage means make it possible, during the restitution of energy, to restore a maximum of stored heat by increasing the temperature of the gas before switching to the next expansion. For example, the gas can go from a temperature below 80 ° C, for example about 50 ° C, to a temperature above 150 ° C, for example about 180 ° C.
    In step e), the compressed gas is expanded. The expansion of the compressed gas makes it possible to generate energy. This expansion can be carried out by means of a turbine which generates electrical energy. If the gas is air, the relaxed air can be exhausted into the environment.
    The compressed gas storage and return method and the compressed gas storage and return system according to the invention can be used for the storage of intermittent energy, such as wind or solar energy, in order to be able to use this energy at the desired time.
    Example of realization
    The characteristics and advantages of the process according to the invention will appear more clearly on reading the example of application below.
    In this example, it is intended to size a gas storage tank meeting the following technical constraints:
    - Storage volume: 5700 m3 Maximum operating pressure: 125 bars
    - Steel grade: X80 (elastic limit = 550 MPa, breaking limit = 625 MPa) Maximum admissible stress fixed for steel = 1 ^ (7777} = 260 MPa
    A first tank R1 corresponding to a mode of implementation of the tank according to the invention is dimensioned according to the technical constraints defined above, using the Abaqus software (Dassault Systèmes, France). The main characteristics of the R1 tank are given below:
    - Thickness of the steel layer: 8 mm
    Outer diameter of the steel layer: 1422.4 mm
    Inside / outside diameters of the mixed concrete-steel layer = 1300 mm / 1800 mm Diameter of prestressing wires: 10 mm No winding of steel wires: 20 mm
    - Preload applied: 1300 MPa Total length of the tank: 4294 m
    - Weight of steel tube: 11981
    - Mass of steel wires: 7071
    - Mass of concrete layers: 12,180 t
    The circumferential stresses in the first four layers of the reservoir R1 (the layers being referenced as according to Figure 1a) are presented in Table 1, in the case where no pressurized fluid is stored (case called "out of service"; column 2 of Table 1) and in the case where the 125 bar pressurized fluid is stored in the tank (case called "in service"; column 3 of Table 1). From this table, it can be observed that the circumferential stresses in the layer of steel C2 are, in service, below the maximum admissible stress for this same layer. Furthermore, the compression preload, out of service, in this layer is far from the authorized limit.
    The compression preload generated in the concrete layers C1 and C3 ’is 19 MPa and 16 MPa respectively. Thus, it is found that a grade of concrete with a compressive strength of 35 MPa is sufficient.
    Due to the instantaneous elastic deformation of the assembly, the tensile preload in the out of service steel wires is less than the initial preload applied. The stress value in service is within the limit allowed for the prestressing wires.
    Thus, the present invention, by the addition of steel wires wound under a prestressed in circumferential tension well dimensioned, makes it possible to produce reservoirs for storage of a pressurized fluid having realistic steel thicknesses (8mm in the present case ), while meeting security constraints.
    Table 1
    Constraints ConstraintsLayerout of service (Mpa) in service (MPa) C2 -102 249 C3 ” 1223 1450 C1 -19 2.3 C3 ’ -16 2.5
    By way of illustration, a second reservoir R2 is designed, identical to the reservoir R1, except for the thickness of the steel layer which is, in the case of R2, of thickness E equal to 2 mm. The circumferential stresses in the first four layers of the reservoir R2 are presented in Table 2, in the case where no pressurized fluid is stored (case called "out of service"; column 2 of Table 2) and in the case where the 125 bar pressurized fluid is stored in the tank (case called "in service"; column 3 of Table 2).
    Table 2
    Layer Constraintsout of service (Mpa) Constraintsin service (Mpa) C2 -113 606 C3 ” 1215 1656 C1 -21 2.3 C3 ’ -18 2.5
    We notice that in the case of absence of constraints related to the pressure of the stored gas (column 2 of Table 2), the reduction in the thickness of steel (compared to R1) does not change the constraints of a significant way. This is due to the fact that in this case, the concrete (layers C1 and C3 ’) plays a very important role in compression. On the other hand, in the service phase (column 3 of Table 2), we observe that the stresses are much higher in the steel (layer C2) and in the prestressing wires (layer C3 ”). These constraints are not admissible and the system does not hold the internal pressure correctly.
    Also for illustration, we dimension a tank R3, this time formed by a single layer of steel. By setting an outside diameter of the steel tube equal to 56 ”(1422.4 mm), the classic dimension of an X80 type oil pipeline in particular, the following characteristics are obtained from a conventional calculation according to the CODAP standard, based on RDM equations (RDM for Resistance Of Materials):
    - Steel thickness: 33.5mm
    - Total length of the tubes: 3950 m
    - Total mass of steel: 4533 t
    It can be seen, by comparing the characteristics of the reservoir R1 with those of the reservoir R3, that the total mass of steel is much greater for the all-steel reservoir R3 than for the reservoir R1 according to the invention. Knowing that the price of a ton of concrete is much lower than that of steel (of the order of 1/20 for example), the tank for the storage of a pressurized fluid according to the invention, by the addition of concrete layers to a steel layer, and of a prestress applied during the winding of steel wires, is more economical, while guaranteeing sealing and mechanical resistance to the pressures in service envisaged.
    权利要求:
    Claims (12)
    [1" id="c-fr-0001]
    Claims
    1) Tank for storing a pressurized fluid such as compressed air, characterized in that said tank is in the form of at least one tube formed by an arrangement of concentric layers (C1, C2, C3, C4), said arrangement comprising, going from the inside to the outside of said tube, an internal layer formed of concrete (C1), a layer formed of steel of thickness E (C2), at least one layer ( C3) formed by a winding of steel wires (C3 ”) on a concrete underlay (C3 '), and an outer layer (C4) intended to protect said wires against physical and / or chemical damage, and in wherein said wires are subjected to a prestress in circumferential tension, at least said thickness E and / or said prestress being dimensioned so as to resist said pressure.
    [2" id="c-fr-0002]
    2) Tank according to claim 1, wherein the diameter and the spacing of said steel wires in an axial direction of said tube are a function of said prestress.
    [3" id="c-fr-0003]
    3) Tank according to one of the preceding claims, in which said tube comprises a plurality of layers (C3) formed by said winding of steel wires (C3 ”) on said concrete underlay (C3 '), and in which said prestresses in said windings are determined according to the radial distance of said layers from said plurality of layers.
    [4" id="c-fr-0004]
    4) Tank according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said outer layer (C4) is concrete or mortar.
    [5" id="c-fr-0005]
    5) Tank according to one of the preceding claims, in which said layer formed of steel (C2) corresponds to a steel tube of API X80 grade.
    [6" id="c-fr-0006]
    6) Tank according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said tank is formed from a plurality of said tubes, said tubes not being connected to each other.
    [7" id="c-fr-0007]
    7) Tank according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said tank is formed of a plurality of said tubes, said tubes being connected together by welding or by an elastomer seal.
    [8" id="c-fr-0008]
    8) A method of manufacturing a reservoir for the storage of a pressurized fluid according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, from a solid steel tube of thickness E and a coil of steel wires, at least the following steps are carried out:
    a) an internal concrete layer is formed inside said steel tube;
    b) a concrete underlay is formed on the outside of said steel tube
    c) said steel wires are wound helically from said coil by subjecting them to prestress in circumferential tension;
    d) an external layer is formed intended to protect said steel wires against physical and / or chemical damage, at least said thickness E and / or said prestressing being a function of said pressure.
    [9" id="c-fr-0009]
    9) The method of claim 8, wherein steps b) and c) are repeated so as to form a plurality of layers (C3) formed by said winding of steel wires (C3'j on a concrete underlay ( C3 j.
    [10" id="c-fr-0010]
    10) Method according to one of claims 8 to 9, wherein at least said inner concrete layer and said concrete underlay are formed by centrifugation, or by molding and vibration.
    [11" id="c-fr-0011]
    11) System for storing and returning energy by compressed gas comprising at least one means for compressing (1) gas, at least one reservoir for storing a pressurized fluid (3) according to one of claims 1 at 7, at least one means of expansion (4) of said compressed gas to generate energy, and at least one means of heat storage (2).
    [12" id="c-fr-0012]
    12) Method of storage and return of energy by compressed gas, in which the following steps are carried out:
    a) a gas is compressed;
    b) said compressed gas is cooled by heat exchange in a heat storage means (1);
    c) storing said cooled gas in a tank for the storage of a pressurized fluid according to one of claims 1 to 7;
    d) heating said compressed compressed gas by restitution of heat in said heat storage means (1); and
    e) said heated compressed gas is expanded to generate energy.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    WO2018050455A1|2018-03-22|
    EP3513113A1|2019-07-24|
    CN109690168B|2021-08-31|
    CN109690168A|2019-04-26|
    FR3055942B1|2018-09-21|
    US20210278044A1|2021-09-09|
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    法律状态:
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    2018-03-16| PLSC| Search report ready|Effective date: 20180316 |
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    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1658503A|FR3055942B1|2016-09-13|2016-09-13|SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR COMPRESSED GAS ENERGY STORAGE AND RESTITUTION HAVING A PRECONTRATED CONCRETE MIXED LAYER|
    FR1658503|2016-09-13|FR1658503A| FR3055942B1|2016-09-13|2016-09-13|SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR COMPRESSED GAS ENERGY STORAGE AND RESTITUTION HAVING A PRECONTRATED CONCRETE MIXED LAYER|
    EP17758208.7A| EP3513113A1|2016-09-13|2017-09-01|System and method of storing and recovering energy by means of compressed gas, comprising a mixed layer of prestressed concrete|
    US16/332,461| US20210278044A1|2016-09-13|2017-09-01|System and method of storing and recovering energy by means of compressed gas, comprising a mixed layer of prestressed concrete|
    PCT/EP2017/071959| WO2018050455A1|2016-09-13|2017-09-01|System and method of storing and recovering energy by means of compressed gas, comprising a mixed layer of prestressed concrete|
    CN201780055940.2A| CN109690168B|2016-09-13|2017-09-01|System and method for storing and recovering energy by means of compressed gas, comprising a prestressed concrete mixing layer|
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